pitx1 gene in stickleback fish

The Pitx1 coding region and promoter are represented. The PITX1 protein is also found in the developing pituitary gland, which is a hormone-producing gland located at the base of the brain, and in an embryonic structure called the branchial arch. In this activity, we will talk about how gene expression is regulated through transcription. Reduce your pelvis in 10000 years or less. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. repressors, general transcription factors, mediators, promoters, RNA polymerase, phenotype, evolution, J Hered. Stickleback fish provide genetic road map for rapid evolution By Robert Sanders, Media relations | June 21, 2021 Three threespine sticklebacks, each about 2 1/2 inches long, that were captured from an Alaskan lake in 2010 as part of a three-decade study of their evolution from sea-faring fish to freshwater fish. Other proteins play a role in these regulatory regions. Pelvic loss in different natural populations of threespine stickleback fish has occurred through regulatory mutations deleting a tissue-specific enhancer of the Pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1) gene. 2011 Oct endstream endobj startxref Stickleback Gene Switches Teacher - Modeling the Regulatory - Studocu Description This film explores how mutations in gene regulatory regions have resulted in major changes in the anatomy of freshwater populations of stickleback fish. switch. Take this opportunity to reiterate that the genetic code is the same in all tissues other than Black bars show BAC locations. Epub 2007 Aug 9. eye ! AP (20122013 Standards) 1.A, 1.A, 1.A, 1.C, 2.D, 2.E, 3.A, 3.A, 3.B, 3.C, switch mutation? Epub 2012 Jan 18. homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary 9. the exceptions listed in the Key Concepts and Learning Objectives. Students review eukaryotic gene transcription using the example of a gene called Pitx1, which is involved in the development of pelvic spines in stickleback fish. Epub 2011 Nov 9. 9. Careers. An official website of the United States government. The protein acts as a transcription factor, which is a protein that attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. Reduce your pelvis in 10000 years or less. Any items that can represent proteins. Marine Stickleback Pelvis Transcription is ON Show more 27. For example, although all cells within your body have the same DNA, your . Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. that express Pitx1. Michael Bell, currently a research associate in the University of California Museum of Paleontology at UC Berkeley, stumbled across one such natural experiment in 1990 in Alaska, and ever since has been studying the physical changes these fish undergo as they evolve and the genetic basis for these changes. Synthesis Questions 10. and transmitted securely. The study, led by Bell, Krishna Veeramah at Stony Brook University and David Kingsley of Stanford University, sheds light on which genetic changes may underlie the evolutionary response to natural selection in other species. hYr8>&5[S%e%d~%F"J= 4%K4 ky#kEZEBu$Cm"[6vTTRui:##0X'X(QiFuXQx8ZZI$]GJH)#4>dXE#cHEDl#{9CID 6:?;9yjU,M4/+6`Q}.-t{V'{ Jli7y5zPeGG"GQ]:2*O'z5`}I-Y:eGi3$lx2ctE~~9:c+a QLtk'f&8+~uu`\^fOq4a@R,Fv48f5yWY~5#9;3)9{1Mf/>L Z~E:Or4tL,m:W?0MZPYGCANAq5HEu6+r&hHI*e>50XjP|)Cz(_O9k5h|w45% Would you like email updates of new search results? How is it related to gene expression? MODELING THE REGULATORY SWITCHES OF THE PITX1GENE IN STICKLEBACK FISH OVERVIEW This hands-on activity supports the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, and aims to help students understand eukaryotic gene regulation and its role in body development using the example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. These mutations delete a large part of the PITX1 gene or the whole gene, or change a single protein building block (amino acid) in the PITX1 protein. 4. Students should be familiar with basic genetics and the central dogma. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Epub 2011 Jul 20. The .gov means its official. That experiment has been performed naturally tens of thousands of times over millions of years as sea-faring threespine sticklebacks which, like salmon, travel up rivers to spawn have gotten stranded in lakes and had to evolve as permanent denizens of fresh water. The PITX1 protein may play a role in formation of the pituitary gland and tissues derived from the branchial arch, such as the roof of the mouth, the jaw, and parts of the inner ear. Jessica Ullrich, Brentwood High School; Robert Bolen, Eastport South Manor Junior / Senior High School; Sarah Freilich, Kehillah Jewish High School; The basic elements of transcription regulation in eukaryotes are similar to the very well-studied lac and trp operon systems found in bacterial cells. (* There are some notable exceptions: { "Activity:_Construct_a_DNA_Model" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Analyzing_Human_Pedigrees : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Do_Genes_Determine_Skin_Color?" Before on the level of students background knowledge, certain parts of the activity may be eliminated or may be. Increased chromatin accessibility promotes the evolution of a transcriptional silencer in, P50 HG002568/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States, P50 HG002568-09/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States, HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States, P50 HG02568/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Epub 2023 Apr 5. Pitx1 gene expression. See this image and copyright information in PMC. hbbd```b``1m zf/ I`r=ddH60 Synthesis Questions 10. This page titled Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Shannan Muskopf (Biology Corner) . Having multiple switches enables Pitx1 to be used many times in different contexts and expands the versatility of that gene. Gleiberman AS, Izpisua-Belmonte JC, Rosenfeld MG. Role of the Bicoid-related 4 white pipe cleaners, 12-18 inches long (or 18-inch white twine), Magic markers (blue, green, red, yellow, purple). Epub 2006 Aug 31. Contrast how mutations in regulatory switches differ from mutations in coding regions of genes. %PDF-1.5 % Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish. You isolate DNA from jaw, pelvic, eye, and pituitary activator, cis-regulatory region, coding region, enhancer, eukaryotic gene regulation, mutation, promoter, regulatory switch, repressor, RNA polymerase, transcription factor. A quarry in Nevada contains fossil stickleback fish that once lived in an ancient freshwater lake at this site about 10 million years ago. protein can be absent in the pelvis alone, and the fish survives. May;126(9):1805-10. doi: 10.1242/dev.126.9.1805. d. mRNA Draw in the proteins Li XC, Fuqua T, van Breugel ME, Crocker J. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 6. Schooling Behavior of Stickleback Fish from Different Habitats, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, Using Genetic Crosses to Analyze a Stickleback Trait, Regulation of Eukaryotic DNA Transcription. The complete absence of Pitx1 protein from all tissues is lethal to the organism. Investigation: DNA, Proteins, and Sickle Cell, PART 2: REVIEWING THE REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION, PART 3: GENE REGULATION IN DIFFERENT TISSUES. Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/modeling-regulatory-switches-pitx1-gene-stickleback-fish) This hands-on activity helps students interpret molecular diagrams and build physical models of eukaryotic gene regulation. Stickleback fish provide genetic road map for rapid evolution The Pitx1 DNA of marine stickleback fish contains a pelvic switch, while the Pitx1 DNA of freshwater stickleback fish does not. You isolate the DNA from the heart of the freshwater stickleback that lack pelvic spines. In multicellular eukaryotes, gene regulation is also important in building bodies. tissue(s) that express Pitx1.) One of two populations in which the pelvic spines (but not the girdle) are usually absent often expressed Pitx1. stop codon, resulting in a nonfunctional truncated protein. pituitary !_. (For example, there should be no jaw- Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish Published April 2013 Note that the transcriptional orientation of the Pitx1 gene is from right to left in this view (arrow). Many freshwater populations of sticklebacks lack the long spines that project from the pelvis of their marine relatives. These genetic changes delete, insert, or rearrange genetic material near the PITX1 gene; at least five such mutations have been identified in affected individuals. A novel enhancer near the Pitx1 gene influences development and - eLife In addition, students should understand the role of genetic variation in a. species in natural selection and evolution. 5. The complete absence of Pitx1 protein from all tissues is lethal to the organism. Make four models of Pitx1 DNA. The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Pitx1Pitx1 In some cases, these mutations confer a selective advantage for that cell and that mutation will be mutation will be the same in all tissues because it is an inherited mutation. 10.1242/dev.074153. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 9. Regulating Evolution. Scientific American, May 2008: 60-, AUTHORS In which tissues would you expect Pitx1 to be expressed in the above scenario? Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis. Field Tested by Amy Peterson, Gananda High School; Cindy Gay, Steamboat Springs High School; Dave Kenyon, Paw Paw High School; David Knuffke, It can either be near the coding region or many megabases away. ). Consider what was revealed in the film. Bell has been enamored of sticklebacks since the summer after his freshman year at UC San Diego, when he collected fossil sticklebacks in Nevada. Previous studies suggest that cis-acting regulatory changes at the Pitx1locus control pelvic reduction in a population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). It was an accident, but I recognized that rapid evolution must be occurring, so I followed up the next year and every year thereafter, he said. MODELING THE REGULATORY SWITCHES OF THE PITX1 GENE IN STICKLEBACK FISH OVERVIEW This hands-on activity supports the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, and aims to help students understand eukaryotic gene regulation and its role in body development using the example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. Interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. What happens when you dump an ocean fish into a freshwater lake? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Pay close attention to how the switches regulate the expression of the Pitx1 gene in stickleback embryos. Besoke R, Held K, Mundlos S, Kurth I. Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of You isolate the DNA from the heart of the freshwater stickleback that lack pelvic spines. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. During development, different sets of genes need to be turned on and off in the right places, at the right times, and in the right sequence for bodies to be built correctly. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted IST-1.K, IST-1.N, IST-2.D, IST-2.A, IST-2.B, IST-2.C, IST-2.E; SP2, SP3, Teaching Gene Regulation Using Corn and Stickleback Fish, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, Schooling Behavior of Stickleback Fish from Different Habitats, Using Genetic Crosses to Analyze a Stickleback Trait, Simulating Evolution of a Rock Pocket Mouse Population, Icefish Blood Adaptations: Antifreeze Proteins, Beaks As Tools: Selective Advantage in Changing Environments, The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation. During development, different sets of genes need to be turned on and off in the right places, at the right times, and in the right sequence for bodies to be built correctly. { "African_Elephant_-_Change_Over_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Applying_Hardy-Weinberg_to_Rock_Pocket_Mouse_Field_Data" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Can_Evolution_Explain_the_Frequency_of_White-Striped_Clovers?" A b. Other proteins play a role in these regulatory regions. (Put a The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. While the predictability of evolution is not an exact science, the authors believe their understanding of how the stickleback colonizes fresh water provide important insights into the genomics behind vertebrate evolution and provides insight into how evolution might proceed species-wide in the future. The appropriate activator proteins are in the appropriate tissue. The absence of Pitx1 in the pelvis confers a unique phenotype. 2004 May;6(5):613-4. doi: 10.1016/s1534-5807(04)00140-6. 10. The PITX1 protein is found primarily in the developing legs and feet. While sex-determination genes . Pitx1 Regulatory Switches - Natural Selection Updated October - Studocu Common Core* CCSS.ELA-Literacy.WHST9-12, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-12, Development of the lower limbs is normal in people with this condition. 12. 12. pelvis ! How Can Gene Editing Eliminate Lyme Disease? (Put a o Mediators (optional, orange), PART 1: REVIEWING THE REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION, Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:34), showing key components of gene They explore how changes in Pitx1 gene expression can affect body development, and learn how those changes, with the appropriate selective pressure, play a . Examine the table, if a mutation occurred in the activator region, which areas would you expect to express the Pitx1 gene. Disclaimer. Parallel genetic origins of pelvic reduction in vertebrates. (acceptable e. RNA polymerase. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Accessibility Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies in two morphologically different populations of stickleback fish. The pelvic skeleton of threespine stickleback fish contributes to defence against predatory vertebrates, but rare populations exhibit vestigial pelvic phenotypes. Transcription factors specifically bind to the promoter to activate transcription. Consider what was revealed in the film. Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis and EXPLAIN your choice. Solved Based on what you know about the molecular mechanisms - Chegg They explore how changes in Pitx1 gene expression can affect body development, and learn how those changes, with the appropriate selective pressure, play a role in the evolution of a population. 3. FOIA are bound to the correct proteins and DNA. switch controls the transcription of genes in different tissues and at different times in development. Virtually all cells in the body have the same genetic makeup,* but not all genes are expressed in all Examine the table, if a mutation occurred in indicated region, which areas would you expect to express the Pitx1 gene. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. DNA from jaw, pelvic, eye, and pituitary tissues. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.06.055. Mesocosm experiment reveals scale dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks. Correctly interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. During development, stickleback fish express Pitx1 in different parts of the body, including the pelvis. Oct 5;91(4):629-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. What the pelvis can teach us about evolution 2013 Feb 1;374(1):234-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.017. Mutational scans reveal differential evolvability of. 2005 Dec;234(4):815-23. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20564. Would you like email updates of new search results? As expected, specimens from six populations with full pelvic structures usually expressed Pitx1 in the limb bud; those from eight populations with left-biased pelvic reduction usually did not express it. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Earthworm" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Gene_Switches_in_Stickleback_Fish" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Phylogenetic_Trees" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation_-_Proteins_Sequences:_Are_Bats_Birds?" expression in the eye. Sketch either the trp or lac operon and identify the main components of its regulatory system. Depending on students background, it may be helpful to pause the animation at various points to discuss different features. pelvis ! development. OGUyxkmV?5-Pa9{aq learn about the proteins involved in eukaryotic gene transcription. How can a spined stickleback fish have the exact same PitX1 sequence as a spineless stickleback? Genes Dev. Two In the film, Dr. Bell notes that in multiple freshwater populations and at multiple times in history, the frequency of . Science. Investigation: Regulatory Switches Remote Edition (KEY) Biol. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). New @igisci technique employs peptides to more gently slip https://t.co/bnsGpIPW97, Copyright 2023 UC Regents; all rights reserved. Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish 659 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0B22A8B307996F4C99243FB3A0BF97E5>]/Index[625 67]/Info 624 0 R/Length 146/Prev 977897/Root 626 0 R/Size 692/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream PMC Different Genes Cause Loss of Body Parts in Similar Fish That resulted in the spines not being expressed in those fish. Describe the function of regulatory switches. The mutations that cause Liebenberg syndrome likely relocate enhancers that promote the activity of genes involved in upper limb development to be near the PITX1 gene. View UCBerkeleyOfficials profile on Instagram, View UCZAXKyvvIV4uU4YvP5dmrmAs profile on YouTube, A $25-an-hour minimum wage for medical workers could benefit everyone, Julie Chavez Rodriguez, visionary Berkeley grad, to run Biden campaign, Community engagement improves wildlife restoration outcomes, UC Berkeley computer scientist wins 2023 Guggenheim Fellowship, Berkeley political scientist Scott Straus named to prestigious fellowship, UC Berkeley breaks ground on new Engineering Center, Berkeley graduate programs succeed once again in new U.S. News rankings, Counting fish teeth reveals DNA changes behind rapid evolution. marine and freshwater stickleback fish? EL Desarrollo Personal. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. As the glaciers of the last Ice Age receded 10,000 years ago, some of these fish swam inland, and many became trapped in lakes left behind by the glacial melt. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. The smaller Changes in the DNA near the PITX1 gene cause Liebenberg syndrome, a rare condition characterized by abnormal development of the arms, resulting in short fingers (brachydactyly), joint deformities called contractures that limit movement of the elbows and wrists, and other bone and muscle abnormalities. 11. Alleles of Pitx1 from pelvic-complete (FRIL, LITC) and pelvic-reduced populations (PAXB) were combined, MeSH hb```f``: Abl,/4;>2=Ws Dev Mutations in regulatory switches affect expression of a particular gene in a particular tissue without For example, in the cells that develop into the pelvis there is a specific activator (activator 2) that binds to the pelvic switch to transcribe Pitx1 in that tissue. hbbd```b``~"2"\@.6LIQF0DZ"MH) #H2=wH#)5DZS6l L@7 Jg` endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 140 0 obj <>stream government site. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (Photo courtesy of Michael Bell), Stop zapping cells or using viruses to deliver #CRISPR! Circle the proteins that are involved in Pay close attention to how the switches regulate the expression of the Pitx1 gene in stickleback embryos. In terms of Jacob's 1977 'tinkering' metaphor, Pitx1 was the spare part with which natural selection usually tinkered for stickleback pelvic reduction, but it also tinkered with other genes that have smaller effects. Development. Interestingly, protein production can be regulated at the translational and transcriptional steps, as well as after a protein is produced. Marine Stickleback-Jaw Transcription ON Zeynep Marasli, pd 1 Three limitations: 1.There are other proteins involved in transcription that are not shown in the model : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Natural_Selection_Simulation_at_PHET : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Natural_Selection_Sim_2 : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Practice_with_Taxonomy_and_Classification : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Reinforcement:_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Teddy_Graham_Lab : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", The_Lion_in_Your_Living_Room : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "The_Stickleback_Fish_-_A_Story_of_Modern_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "What_is_a_Cladogram?" The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Dev Dyn. government site. 2012 Jun;20(6):705-8. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.264. Jy[E +;?>DYdUz'GINM Over many generations, stickleback in Bear Paw Lake have lost their pelvic spines, while those in Frog Lake have retained full pelvises. lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly. Make sure that students show or designate an absence of the pelvic switch and that there are no tendon, and bones of the hindlimb. See figure 3. This animation is a clip from a 2005 Holiday Lecture Series, Evolution: Constant Change and Common Threads. Lanctot C, Moreau A, Chamberland M, Tremblay ML, Drouin J. Hindlimb patterning with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements. RNA polymerase is placed correctly on the DNA. Transcribing DNA to messenger RNA and translating that RNA to protein is often referred to as gene expression. PDF Modeling the Regulatory Switches of The Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish (Put a check mark next to the example, write letter a in the box pointing at the coding region of a gene. In the jaw, there is a different activator (activator 1) that binds to the jaw switch to turn on Pitx1 in the jaw tissue. activators operons ribosomes : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Corn_Genetics_Chi_Square_Analysis : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Dihybrid_Crosses_in_Guinea_Pigs : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", DNA_Coloring : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "DNA_Coloring__Transcription_&_Translation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "DNA_Extraction_\u2013_Strawberry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", DNA_Mutation_Activity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics_of_Chicken_Combs : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics_of_Wisconsin_Fast_Plants : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Genetics_Practice_Problems_-_Easy_Mode" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetic_Crosses_That_Involve_2_Traits : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Can_DNA_Replication_Be_Modeled?"

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