which of the following was a progressive era reform

Lincoln Steffens was another investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers. [236] The league, rooted in Protestant churches, envisioned nationwide prohibition. There were 2.4million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3000 miles were given high quality surfacing. The CTCA attempted to eradicate these problems from military training camps. [247] There were some less successful attempts in the South, where educational levels were far lower. [55] The book influenced contemporaneous progressive thought, shaping the ideas of many intellectuals and political leaders, including then ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. [235] The Anti-Saloon League which began in Ohio was formed in 1893, uniting activists from different religious groups. The main themes ended during American involvement in World War I (19171918) while the waste and efficiency elements continued into the 1920s. When you look at the word from a historical standpoint, progressive usually describes a person or group of people who try to reform or change things to make them better for society as a whole. They improved the lives of individuals and communities. The league also concentrated on campaigns for the right of individual communities to choose whether to close their saloons. "Preserving the Progressive Spirit in a Conservative Time: The Joint Reform Efforts of Justice Brandeis and Professor Frankfurter, 19161933. The 16th Amendment did away with apportionment and created a direct income tax based on how much money each person makes each year. One of the most influential political machines was Tammany Hall in New York City led by William ''Boss'' Tweed. In the 1940s typically historians saw the Progressive Era as a prelude to the New Deal and dated it from 1901 (when Roosevelt became president) to the start of World War I in 1914 or 1917. Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr pioneered the settlement house outreach to newly arrived immigrants by establishing Hull House in Chicago in 1889. The ratification of the 16th amendment finally passed an income tax that was being discussed since the time following the Civil War. Bellamys reformed society had thus, as his protagonist Julian West notes with great satisfaction, simply applied the principle of universal military service, as it was understood during the 19th century, to the labor question. In Bellamys utopian world there were no battlefields, but those who displayed exceptional valour in promoting the prosperity of society were honoured for their service. Using the language of municipal housekeeping women were able to push such reforms as prohibition, women's suffrage, child-saving, and public health. In other cases, political machines, or a small group of people that control politics by giving favors, took over state legislatures and picked their own candidates. [49] His majority opinion in the 1914 Shreveport Rate Case upheld the Interstate Commerce Commission's decision to void discriminatory railroad rates imposed by the Railroad Commission of Texas. Divorce rates increased as women preferred to seek education and freedom from the home. [33] Along these lines, the founder of Hull-House, Jane Addams, coined the term "association" as a counter to Individualism, with association referring to the search for a relationship between the classes. [203] A handful of eugenics advocates were also involved in immigration restriction for their own pseudo-scientific reasons. [207] At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a nave solution and the great issues had to be decided by warfare. [265] A strong anti-war movement headed by noted Progressives including Jane Addams, was suppressed by the Preparedness Movement and Wilson's 1916 re-election, a victory largely enabled by his campaign slogan, "He kept us out of the war. [234] Evangelicals precipitated the second wave of prohibition legislation during the 1880s, which had as its aim local and state prohibition. The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th. [133] In October 1919, Secretary Wilson chaired the first meeting of the International Labour Organization even though the U.S. was not yet a member. Analyzes the effectiveness of Progressive Era reformers in the two areas; may present an Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In late 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920. Wilson used a similar moralistic tone when dealing with Mexico. Farmers complained at the expense, and also at the loss of control over local affairs, but in state after state the consolidation process went forward. Progressive Amendments. He argued to the Supreme Court that trusts should be dissolved into their constituent parts, arguing they were artificial creations and did not achieve their positions through normal business methods and hence were guilty of violating the Sherman act. The Massachusetts Democratic Party were gravely weakened by the primary system. [84], North Carolina, along with all the southern states, imposed strict legal segregation in the early 20th century. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943. [29] The American Red Cross was reorganized and professionalized. William U'Ren was the founder of the Oregon System and a leading figure of Progressive reform. The most important Republican was Jonathan Bourne Jr. (senator 19071913 and national leader of progressive causes 19111912). Rather than condemn all drinking, the group focused attention on the saloon which was considered the ultimate symbol of public vice. [95] Other Wisconsin Idea scholars at the university generated the plan that became the New Deal's Social Security Act of 1935, with Wisconsin expert Arthur J. Altmeyer playing the key role. Progressive Era reform efforts in addressing the problems of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in two areas. The Progressive Era is generally considered to be the first two decades of the 20th century, roughly 1900 to 1920, and it was a period of political, economic and social reform in the United States. Programs for new mothers included maternity care and training in baby care.[187]. in. ", Allen F. Davis, "Welfare, Reform and World War I. Louisiana was the first state to introduce primaries in 1892, and by 1907, eleven Southern and border states had implemented statewide primaries. The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal. [105][106], Women put women's suffrage on the state agenda. They preferred a constitutional amendment over a federal statute because although harder to achieve, they felt it would be harder to change. Americans were not allowed to make, sell, or transport alcohol. The party leaders and bosses also wanted direct primaries to minimize the risk of sore losers running as independents. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. After experimenting in the early 20th century with cooperation with business in the National Civic Federation, the AFL turned after 1906 to a working political alliance with the Democratic party. During the Progressive Era, protections for workers and consumers were strengthened, and women finally achieved the right to vote. [80] The League sent questionnaires to prospective candidates to the state legislature to obtain their stance on direct legislation and to make those positions public. The Progressive Era (1896-1917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. The federal decision together with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 and the creation that years of the Federal Trade Commission largely de-escalated the antitrust rhetoric among progressives. Progressive Reforms were prompted by the political philosophy of Progressivism and the influence and work of reformists called Progressives who included activists, analysts and social commentators. It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. Monopolies were broken up due to violation of federal law. During this time, legislation was passed at the state and national levels. "[209] Similar ideas and language had already been used previously in the Monroe Doctrine, wherein Roosevelt claimed that the United States could serve as the police of the world, using its power to end unrest and wrongdoing on the western hemisphere. The result, according to political scientist Henry Jones Ford, was that the United States Senate had become a "Diet of party lords, wielding their power without scruple or restraint, on behalf of those particular interests" that put them in office. Theodore Roosevelt & the Progressive Era Reforms, Goals & Beliefs | Who Were the Progressives? In states where agriculture was the main occupation, farmers often struggled to pay their taxes, especially when crops failed or prices dropped. [30] Several major foundations aided the blacks in the South and were typically advised by Booker T. Washington. Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive." Thirty-six states were needed, and organizations were set up at all 48 states to seek ratification. They remained staunch isolationists deeply opposed to any involvement in Europe. In what ways did Progressivism include both democratic and antidemocratic impulses? Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era,". There were multiple progressive amendments. Progressive Reforms: Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson While the Progressive Era did impact political and social change, the impact of these changes was limited. Postell, Joseph W. and Johnathan O'Neill, eds. Progressives advocated censorship of motion pictures as it was believed that patrons (especially children) viewing movies in dark, unclean, potentially unsafe theaters, might be negatively influenced in witnessing actors portraying crimes, violence, and sexually suggestive situations. This problem has been solved! [272] This however ignores the violence and racism central to Klan ideology and activities, that had nothing to do with improving society, so much as enforcing racial hierarchies. The Progressive Era lasted roughly from the 1890s to 1920. They used that money to line the pockets of politicians to get what they wanted at the expense of the American people. Drinking itself was never prohibited. During World War I, the Progressives strongly promoted Americanization programs, designed to modernize the recent immigrants and turn them into model American citizens, while diminishing loyalties to the old country. [288], By 1930, a block of progressive Republicans in the Senate were urging Hoover to take more vigorous action to fight the depression. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. [126] The movement targeted prostitution or "white slavery" and aimed to eliminate it by criminalizing it and enforcing stricter penalties for those involved in the sex trade. Relying on their own investigative journalism, muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. State Executive Committee. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest. Factories were noisy, dangerous, and spewed toxic gases that polluted the air and clouded the sky. The reform of schools and other educational institutions was one of the prime concerns of the middle class during this period. The House of Representatives was elected directly by the people, but the Senate was a different story. [137] Within more engagements and marriages, both parties would exchange love notes as a way to express their sexual feelings. Rich industrialists, referred to as 'robber barons,' made their fortunes from the hard work of underpaid employees. The spirit of progressivism emerged in the 1890s, peaked in the 1900s, and decayed after 1917. "[155], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. Second, in keeping with these new principles, progressives called for the reconstruction of American politics, hitherto dominated by localized parties, so that a more direct link was formed between government officials and public opinion. By contrast, Europe and Asia had few foundations. Why was the city such a central element in Progressive America? Up until the early 20th century, the Senators were picked by the state legislature. Participation in the Great War (World War I); Women's Suffrage in the Progressive Era Suffragists, April 22, 1913.. There were several issues raised during the Progressive Era that did not result in action at the federal government level. Most Northern states followed suit, with reformers proclaiming grass roots democracy. [58], Ida Tarbell, a writer and lecturer, was one of the leading muckrakers and pioneered investigative journalism. When the colonists first arrived in America, they were farmers, but that all changed during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. Columbia University, 1958. Outside of government, Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott, and Sophonisba Breckinridge were influential reformers. ", Stuart W. Shulman, "The Progressive Era Farm Press,". Analyze the table showing women's participation in the labor force from 1900 to 1930.What does it reveal about employment trends in the early twentieth century? [202] On the other hand, the rapid growth of industry called for a greater and expanding labor pool that could not be met by natural birth rates. By 1906 he was moving to the left, advocating some social welfare programs, and criticizing various business practices such as trusts. The most basic definition of 'progressive' means to gradually change something over time. He crusaded against Stalwart party bosses of the state Republican Party, and won voter approval in a referendum in 1904. implemented the Clayton Act of 1914, exempting unions from antitrust laws and barring courts from issuing injunctions that would curtail the right to strike. Tweed and his cronies took bribes and graft, where bosses skimmed money from public funds for themselves, and offered jobs with the expectation that people would return the favor. The 16th Amendment got rid of apportionment and created a direct income tax; income tax being the amount of money the government takes from your salary and apportionment being the old way of collecting taxes from the citizenry that was based on population rather than income. The Panic of 1907 was short and mostly affected financiers. Cities became the breeding ground for not only disease but also crime and poverty. Christina Simmons, "African Americans and sexual victorianism in the social hygiene movement, 1910-40. [180], The most urgent need was better transportation. The main advocates of progressivism were often middle-class social reformers. Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice. As the United States entered World War I, the Conscription Act banned the sale of liquor near military bases. Lillian Wald and Jane Addams, 1916. The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. There they would be taught by full-time professional teachers who had graduated from the states' teachers colleges, were certified, and were monitored by the county superintendents. The women's right to vote became one of the biggest sticking points during the Progressive Era. Apart from Wisconsin, the Midwestern states were about average in supporting Progressive reforms. 285313. The 19th Amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on Aug. 18, 1920. Unfortunately, women's suffrage fell by the wayside as abolition and the Civil War gained momentum and, according to some, took priority. These amendments addressed political corruption, voting rights, and alcohol consumption. It promoted expansion of the university through the UW-Extension system to reach all the state's farming communities. The book was published as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904. The major new face was Herbert Hoover. Progressive-Era reformers sought to use the federal government to make sweeping changes in politics, education, economics, and society. Page 73118.1. [134], In September 1916, the Federal Employees' Compensation Act introduced benefits to workers who are injured or contract illnesses in the workplace. In the early 20th century most states adopted the system for local and state racesbut only 14 used it for delegates to the national presidential nominating conventions. [1][2] Progressives sought to address the problems caused by rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption; and by the enormous concentration of industrial ownership in monopolies. Presidential Election of 1876 | Overview, Compromise & Issues, Child Labor in the Progressive Era | History, Opposition & Reform, What was the Gilded Age? Progressive scholars, based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, worked to modernize their disciplines. [146][147] George Washington Carver (18601943) was a leader in promoting environmentalism, and was well known for his research projects, particularly those involving agriculture. Certain wealthy men of this stamp, whose conduct should be abhorrent to every man of ordinarily decent conscience, and who commit the hideous wrong of teaching our young men that phenomenal business success must ordinarily be based on dishonesty, have during the last few months made it apparent that they have banded together to work for a reaction. In M. Fischer, C. Nackenoff, & W. Chielewski, Dewey W. Grantham, "The Contours of Southern Progressivism. Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration, Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad v. Interstate Commerce Commission, History of women in the United States Progressive era: 19001940, National American Woman Suffrage Association, Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Initiatives and referendums in the United States, American urban history Progressive era: 1890s1920s, History of direct democracy in the United States, Direct Democracy League for initiative and referendum in California, "United States History. National Democratic Congressional Committee. In the 1890s, the South witnessed a decrease in the possibility of Republican or Populist or coalition victories in most elections, with the Democratic Party gaining full control over all statewide Southern elections. All rights reserved. [138][139] A breakaway group, the National Woman's Party, tightly controlled by Alice Paul, used civil disobedience to gain publicity and force passage of suffrage. Donning the mantle of motherhood, female activists methodically investigated their community's needs and used their "maternal" expertise to lobby, create, and secure a place for themselves in an emerging state welfare bureaucracy, best illustrated perhaps by clubwoman Julia Lathrop's leadership in the Children's Bureau. ", John D. Buenker, "An American kulturkampf: The birth pangs of cultural pluralism. Just as military conscription provided basic economic security and instilled a sense of duty to confront a nations enemies, so James called for the draft of the whole youthful population to form for a certain number of years a part of the army enlisted against Nature, which would do the rugged jobs required of a peaceful industrial society. The American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. Updates? President Theodore Roosevelt was a leader of the Progressive movement, and he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. A.nonpartisan elections B.primaries office C.block ballot D.term limits on the state legislature. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 18851930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography", Johnston, Robert D. "Influential Works About the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." In foreign policy, he focused on Central America where he began construction of the Panama Canal. ", Dalton, Kathleen. Middle-class women formed local clubs, which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). [161], The first primary elections came in the Democratic Party in the South starting in Louisiana in 1892. Progressivism, on the other hand, was a later movement. Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. It called for a "New Nationalism" with active supervision of corporations, higher taxes, and unemployment and old-age insurance. Maya has developed curriculum, learning experiences, and lesson plans for geography, ancient civilizations, US history, and government and civics.

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